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The Levels and Changes of Korean Honorifics

1. The Difference Between Casual Speech (반말) and Honorific Speech (μ‘΄λŒ“λ§)

A younger person bowing respectfully to an elder in a traditional Korean setting.

Casual speech (반말) and honorific speech (μ‘΄λŒ“λ§) are fundamental elements of the Korean language’s honorific system. Casual speech is used when speaking to close friends or those younger than you, and it tends to be more concise and direct compared to honorific speech. On the other hand, honorific speech is used to show respect and is essential in formal or public settings. Understanding the difference is crucial for Korean language learners to communicate effectively and appropriately.

Casual Speech Ending Rules

  • "~μ–΄": Used when the verb stem ends with the vowels γ…“, γ…œ, γ…‘, γ…£.
  • "~μ•„": Used when the verb stem ends with the vowels ㅏ, γ…—.

Examples:

  • λ¨Ήλ‹€ (to eat) → λ‚˜λŠ” λ°₯을 λ¨Ήμ–΄.
  • μ£Όλ‹€ (to give) → λ‚˜λŠ” 선물을 쀘.
  • 기닀리닀 (to wait) → λ‚˜λŠ” λ„ˆλ₯Ό κΈ°λ‹€λ €.
  • κ°€λ‹€ (to go) → λ‚˜λŠ” 학ꡐ에 κ°€.
  • 보닀 (to see) → λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό 봐.
  • μ˜€λ‹€ (to come) → μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ 와.

2. Using Informal Polite Speech (비격식 μ‘΄λŒ“λ§)

Informal polite speech is used to show respect without being overly formal. It is common in everyday conversations and allows speakers to maintain a respectful yet friendly tone, making it one of the most frequently encountered speech levels for Korean learners.

Informal Polite Speech Ending Rules

  • "~μ–΄μš”": Used when the verb stem ends with the vowels γ…“, γ…œ, γ…‘, γ…£.
  • "~μ•„μš”": Used when the verb stem ends with the vowels ㅏ, γ…—.

Examples:

  • λ¨Ήλ‹€ (to eat) → λ‚˜λŠ” λ°₯을 λ¨Ήμ–΄μš”.
  • μ£Όλ‹€ (to give) → λ‚˜λŠ” 선물을 μ€˜μš”.
  • 기닀리닀 (to wait) → λ‚˜λŠ” λ„ˆλ₯Ό κΈ°λ‹€λ €μš”.
  • κ°€λ‹€ (to go) → λ‚˜λŠ” 학ꡐ에 κ°€μš”.
  • 보닀 (to see) → λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό λ΄μš”.
  • μ˜€λ‹€ (to come) → μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ μ™€μš”.

3. The Importance of Formal Polite Speech (격식체 μ‘΄λŒ“λ§)

Formal polite speech is essential in official settings or when speaking to older people or superiors. It expresses a high level of respect and is frequently used in workplaces, schools, and other formal contexts.

Formal Polite Speech Ending Rules

  • "~γ…‚λ‹ˆλ‹€": Used when the verb stem ends with a vowel.
  • "~μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€": Used when the verb stem ends with a final consonant.

Examples:

  • κ°€λ‹€ (to go) → λ‚˜λŠ” 학ꡐ에 κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  • 보닀 (to see) → λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  • μ˜€λ‹€ (to come) → μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  • λ¨Ήλ‹€ (to eat) → λ‚˜λŠ” λ°₯을 λ¨ΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  • 읽닀 (to read) → λ‚˜λŠ” 책을 μ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  • λˆ•λ‹€ (to lie down) → λ‚˜λŠ” μΉ¨λŒ€μ— λˆ•μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

4. Summary of Korean Honorific Changes

Level Ending Forms Explanation Example (Verb: ν•˜λ‹€ - to do)
Basic Form ~λ‹€ The base form of a verb found in dictionaries ν•˜λ‹€ (to do)
Casual Speech ~μ–΄/~μ•„ Used with close friends or younger people ν•΄ (do it)
Informal Polite ~μ–΄μš”/~μ•„μš” Respectful yet casual ν•΄μš” (I do)
Formal Polite ~γ…‚λ‹ˆλ‹€/~μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ Used in formal settings or with superiors ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ (I do (formally))

5. Examples of Various Honorific Changes

Korean language learners will frequently encounter the following sentence transformations, helping them naturally learn the different honorific changes.

  1. λ¨Ήλ‹€ (to eat) → λ‚˜λŠ” λ°₯을 λ¨Ήμ–΄ → λ‚˜λŠ” λ°₯을 λ¨Ήμ–΄μš” → λ‚˜λŠ” λ°₯을 λ¨ΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  2. κ°€λ‹€ (to go) → λ‚˜λŠ” 학ꡐ에 κ°€ → λ‚˜λŠ” 학ꡐ에 κ°€μš” → λ‚˜λŠ” 학ꡐ에 κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  3. λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€ (saw) → λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό λ΄€μ–΄ → λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό λ΄€μ–΄μš” → λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  4. μ˜€λ‹€ (to come) → μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ 와 → μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ μ™€μš” → μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  5. 기닀리닀 (to wait) → λ‚˜λŠ” λ„ˆλ₯Ό κΈ°λ‹€λ € → λ‚˜λŠ” λ„ˆλ₯Ό κΈ°λ‹€λ €μš” → λ‚˜λŠ” λ„ˆλ₯Ό κΈ°λ‹€λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  6. λ§ˆμ…¨λ‹€ (drank) → λ‚˜λŠ” 컀피λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ…¨μ–΄ → λ‚˜λŠ” 컀피λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ…¨μ–΄μš” → λ‚˜λŠ” 컀피λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  7. 읽닀 (to read) → λ‚˜λŠ” 책을 읽어 → λ‚˜λŠ” 책을 μ½μ–΄μš” → λ‚˜λŠ” 책을 μ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  8. μ£Όλ‹€ (to give) → λ‚˜λŠ” 선물을 쀘 → λ‚˜λŠ” 선물을 μ€˜μš” → λ‚˜λŠ” 선물을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  9. μ²­μ†Œν–ˆλ‹€ (cleaned) → λ‚˜λŠ” 방을 μ²­μ†Œν–ˆμ–΄ → λ‚˜λŠ” 방을 μ²­μ†Œν–ˆμ–΄μš” → λ‚˜λŠ” 방을 μ²­μ†Œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  10. λΆˆλ €λ‹€ (sang) → κ·ΈλŠ” λ…Έλž˜λ₯Ό λΆˆλ €μ–΄ → κ·ΈλŠ” λ…Έλž˜λ₯Ό λΆˆλ €μ–΄μš” → κ·ΈλŠ” λ…Έλž˜λ₯Ό λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

6. The Importance of Honorific Changes in Korean

Understanding the changes in Korean honorifics is crucial for mastering Korean grammar. Correct usage of casual speech and honorific speech can help regulate the tone of conversations and show the proper level of respect to others. This guide provides a clear and accessible way for learners to familiarize themselves with the various honorific changes through examples and explanations.

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